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Highlights on Chaetomium morphology, secondary metabolites and biological activates

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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/033

Highlights on Chaetomium morphology, secondary metabolites and biological activates

  • Waill A. Elkhateeb 1*
  • Abdu Ghalib AL Kolaibe 2
  • Marwa O. Elnahas 1
  • Ghoson M. Daba 1

1 Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department of Pharmaceutical Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt. 
2 Microbiology Department, Faculty of science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen

*Corresponding Author: Waill A. Elkhateeb, Department of Pharmaceutical Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.

Citation: Waill A. Elkhateeb, Abdu G. AL Kolaibe, Marwa O. Elnahas, Ghoson M. Daba (2021) Highlights on Chaetomium morphology, secondary metabolites and biological activates J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research 4(1); DOI: 10.31579/2693-7247/033

Copyright: © 2021, Waill A. Elkhateeb, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 25 January 2021 | Accepted: 28 January 2021 | Published: 04 February 2021

Keywords: Chaetomium; Secondary metabolites; Biological activities, applications

Abstract

Endophytic fungi always attract attention due to their generous production of bioactive and chemically novel compounds that have medical, agriculture, industrial applications. This review focused on Chaetomium as a model of endophytic fungi rich in therapeutic agents that have known medicinal and industrial application. Moreover, understanding the importance of this potent fungus encourage further studies to identify novel metabolites, and at the same time employing already known metabolites to evaluate their activity in order to be used in additional applications.

Introduction

The application of microbial secondary metabolites in general, and fungal metabolites in particular in various fields of biotechnology has attracted the interests of many researchers, thanks to the bioactive properties of these metabolites which made them employed in various applications in pharmaceutical, industrial, and agricultural fields. Fungal endophytes are microorganisms that live inside the interior tissues of living plants without bringing on anydangerous reactions [1-4]. Generally, endophytes are generous source of novel and biologically active natural compounds with incredible healing potentials. Recently, remarkable pharmacological agents have been generated from endophytic fungi [5, 6]. More than 50% of previously unknown biologically active substances have been isolated from endophytes [7]. Bio-pharmacological secondary metabolites originated from endophytes exhibit different antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities [8]. The endophytic fungus, Chaetomium, is an excellent model that is used as a biotechnological tool in various fields. Chaetomium species are heterothallic fungi that found mainly in soil and organic compost and recently it was isolated from coral, soft coral, and marine algae, and Chaetomium are known for the production of secondary metabolites with vital biological activities. [9-14]. Different isolates of Chaetomium showed various mechanisms of antagonism against other pathogen fungi and they have been also reported to produce several antifungal metabolites [15, 16]. As an example Chaetomium globosum Kunze Fr., has been identified as potential biocontrol agent against a numerous plant pathogens [17].

In this review, highlights on the description, ecology, biological activities and secondary metabolites produced by Chaetomium Specieswere presented.

Chaetomium description and ecology

The word ‘endophytes’ describes microbes colonizing internal living tissues of plants without causing any immediate harmful impacts [1]. Chaetomium sp. is a dematiaceous filamentous fungus that can be isolated found air, soil, and also from plant debris [18, 19]. Chaetomium belongs to the class Pyrenomycetes (Ascomycotina), Order Sordariales and family Chaetomiaceae. There are about 95 species that have been identified under the genus Chaetomium worldwide [20]. As well as being a contaminant, Chaetomium sp. are also encountered as human pathogen. Some species are thermophilic and neurotropic in nature [21]. Chaetomium sp. are common fungal species with a worldwide ubiquitous distribution and are widespread in soil and on decaying plant materials but spore concentrations in outdoor air are not very high. Indoors, Chaetomium is found on wood, compost, sheet rock, straw, and similar cellulosic materials. It is also known as a soft-rot fungus for softwood and hardwood timber [22]. Colonies of Chaetomium are fast growing, colonies appear whitish cottony at the beginning, and turn grey to olive in color when become mature. From the reverse, color appear to be reddish tan or brownish black [23]. Chaetomium is ascomata globose, ellipsoid to ovate or obovate, ostiolate or non-ostiolate in a few species, with walls usually composed oftextura intricata or epidermoidea in surface view, or of textura angularis in a few species. Ascomatal hairs hypha-like, flexuous, undulate, coiled  to  simply  or dichotomously  branched,  with  verrucose  surface,  or  smooth  in  a  few  species (Figure 1, 2). Asci clavate or fusiform with 8 biseriate or irregularly arranged ascospores, evanescent. Ascospores limoniform to globose, or irregular in a few species, bilaterally flattened, usually more than 7μm in length. Asexual morphs, if present, acremonium-like. Member of the genus Chaetomium are cosmopolitan and prevalent component of different ecosystem in a wide range of environments and climatic zone [24].

Figure 1. Chaetomium species with spiral setea and with oval ascospores. isolated and identified by Dr. Waill Elkhateeb (Photographs was taken by Dr. Waill A. Elkhateeb, Locality: National Research Center of Egypt).
Figure 2. Chaetomium species with globosum ascospores isolated and identified by Dr. Waill Elkhateeb (Photographs was taken by Dr. Waill A. Elkhateeb, Locality: National Research Center of Egypt).

Chaetomium secondary metabolites

Over 200 secondary metabolites were isolated and identified from Chaetomium globosum including terpenoids, chaetoglobosins, tetramic acids, steroids, xanthones, diketopiperazines, bis (3-indolyl)-benzoquinones, azaphilones, anthraquinones, pyranones, and orsellides. Some of these metabolites exhibit various bioactivities such as cytotoxic, 

antimicrobial, antimalarial, anticancer, and antiviral activities.

Tawfik et al., [25] detected some compound which have investigate  the anticancer  and  antimicrobial activity, The Metabolomics and  bioassay-guided  isolation afforded  five pure compounds; p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, Uracil, 3-benzyl-6-isobutyl piperazine-2,5-dione, Cyclo (L-Alanin-L-leucin) and  Cyclo-(L-proline-L-leucine) (Figure, 3).

Figure 3. Some bioactive compounds produced by Chaetomium species.

Some biological activities of Chaetomium metabolites 

Due to their generosity in production of secondary metabolites such as chaetoglobosins, xanthones, anthraquinones, terpenoids, depsidones and steroids, researches were conducted to evaluate the biological activities of those compounds [26, 27]. 

Chaetomium species have potent antimicrobial activities that encouraged their use as biocontrol agents. Many reports have described different species potency, (especially Chaetomium globosum) against Venturia inaequalis, the apple scab pathogen [28]; also against Macrophoma kuwatsukai, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii (Corticium rolfsii) [29, 30]. Moreover, Chaetomium have promising antagonistic activities against the spot blotch pathogen, Drechslera sorokiniana [31, 32]. Furthermore, Chaetomium showed antifungal activities against Fusarium, Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium, Pyrenophora, Pythium ultimum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Cochliobolus sativus, Alternaria raphani, [33, 34]. Also, application of C. globosum as a biocontrol agent for controlling late blight disease in potato plants showed promising results and resulted in greater tuber yield. Similarly, it was reported that C. globosum could suppress the damping-off of sugar-beet caused by Pythium ultimum [35, 36]. On the other hand, Chaetomium species showed also good antibacterial activities against gram positive and negative bacteria especially Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [37]. 

The cytotoxicity and anticancer properties of Chaetomium species have also been described. For example, A new dihydroxanthenone was isolated from Chaetomium globosum showed anticancer activity against a panel of seven human solid tumor cell lines (Wijeratne et al., 2006). The polysaccharides obtained from Chaetomium globosum CGMCC 6882 showed anticancer activities against human lung Cancer A549 Cells [38]. Flavipin produced by Chaetomium globosum showed antiproliferative activity against A549, HT-29 and MCF-7 cancer cells in dose dependent manner with an IC50 concentration of 9.89 µg/ml, 18 µg/ml and 54 µg/ml, respectively [39]. Two novel compounds (methyl 9-dihydro-8-trihydroxy-9-oxo-Hxanthene-1-carboxylate as a member of xanthones and (E)-methyl 2-hydroxy-6, 6-dimethyl hept-3-enoate) extracted from Chaetomium globosum isolated from Egyptian soil showed anti-proliferation activities against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line and HEPG-2 human liver carcinoma cell line [40].

It should be noted that co culturing specific bacterial species were reported to induce metabolites production by Chaetomium [41-44]. Chaetomium species exerted also promising nematicidal activities especially against Meloidogyne javanica, Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita [45-50]. 

Conclusion

Emerging of antibiotic resistant microbes, as well as new diseases that threaten human life, besides the growing awareness of the dangerous impacts of using chemicals for pests and fungal control, are serious that require continuous search for potent sources of potent compounds from natural sources.

Recently, biocontrol of soil-borne pathogens has attracted attention as a promising support or alternative to currently used harmful chemicals. Chaetomium species in general, and Chaetomium globosum in particular, represent promising biocontrol agents that can get rid of pathogens and increase yield. Understanding the nutritional needs, mode of action, and quantification of fungi in soils are important factors that require further studies.

Development and easiness of isolation, and molecular identification of Chaetomium have facilitate discovering new species. Also,  progress in chemical methods of extractions and invention of advanced instruments for chemical identification of compounds have open the way for the discovery of novel compounds with potential biological activities.

Using molecular markers, in depth study of interaction between Chaetomium and other microorganisms as well as their host plants are topics that require additional researches. Further investigations on the results of co-culturing Chaetomium with different bacterial species and its impact on the resulting metabolites are of extreme importance. Finally, investigating the potential bioactivities.

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Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

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Raed Mualem

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

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Andreas Filippaios

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

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Dr Suramya Dhamija

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

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Bruno Chauffert

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

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Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

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Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

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Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

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Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad